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DM in 1 arm of nulling interferometer DM at a pupil Pupil relayed to fiber/lenslet array (input)&226t5 Measuring Amp, PhaseLook at just the nuller first Measuring Amp, PhaseLook at just the nuller firstMeasuring Amp, PhaseLook at just the nuller first Measuring Amp, PhaseLook at just the nuller first!OPD Dither 3 pointsIn this example, dither is +/- 1nm. The null is 0.1 nm off. B is at 3.3x10-7 (10x too large) Offset ~ (A-C)*0.1nm/(P*1.3x10-5) P is flux at peak Systematic errors Dither stroke error becomes a gain error. 1.1nm stroke would make a 0.1nm error signal => 0.11nm Photon noise sx = (sqrt(A+C)/P)*(0.1nm/1.3e-5) Total #  detected photons = 4x106 => sx = 31pma`] )8  A  >;!Deep W.L. Null 1.5x10-9/airy spot$" Max light into single mode fiber ~10nm (650nm 20%bw) Light attenuated (~3000x) to 3 picowatts for deep w.l. null experiment. Control update could be as high as a few hz. Average null over 60 sec ~1.5x10-9/airy spot $ >T  <1#Bright Ref BeamCombine in pupil detect in pupil Detect in image Combine ref (pupil) with image (~Giv on) Combine ref (image) with pupil8 H HR!&Why Pupil / Pupil WFS? "!Bright Reference, Heterodyne GainEA post coronagraph WFS is looking at the residual starlight after almost all the starlight has been removed. At this point other noise sources will dominate over photon noise. Residual starlight 1e-7 (of the star) (from which the servo error signal is derived)(but in 1 out of 1000 fibers) Local and Exo-zodi (into A*W ~ l2) Because the fiber is single mode, the local/exo-zodi per fiber is = image plane in 1 airy spot Airy spot gets 1.222 more background CCD read noise CCD dark current If a bright ref beam is interfered with a faint signal the Visibility is Vis=2*sqrt(A*B)/(A+B) If A =106 B= 1, the fringe signal is 2000. Because the fringe singal has grown, it now dwarfs the noise from the CCD and zodi. 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